MODIFYING DRUG DOSING FOR PATIENTS WITH RENAL
INSUFFICIENCY
How do you adjust drug doses in your patients with kidney
disease? Two methods, their equations in particular might come to mind – the
Cockcroft-Gault equation or the modified diet in renal disease equation. Is
one more applicable to your patient or the patients in general? You are
listening toReachMD, the Channel for Medical Professionals. Welcome to
Focus on Pharmacy. I am your host, Dr. Charles Turck, PharmD. Our guest is
Dr. Luke Probst, pediatric pharmacy specialist and a clinical assistant
professor in the Department of Pediatrics and Medicine at the State University
of New York Upstate Medical University. Dr. Probst is the author of the
recently published article in the Journal Hospital Pharmacy on drug dosing
modifications for patients with renal impairment.
DR. CHARLES TURCK:
Welcome Dr. Probst.
DR. LUKE PROBST:
Thanks very much, Dr. Turck.
DR. CHARLES TURCK:
We are going to be discussing strategies for drug dosing in
patients with renal insufficiency. There are a number of different methods out
there for the estimation and measurement of renal function. I was wondering if
you could describe some of the more common ones.
DR. LUKE PROBST:
Sure, as you said the Cockcroft-Gault equation has been
around since 1976 when a population of 200 subject was analyzed and the
investigators characterized an equation that was useful in estimating renal
functions in adult patients who were otherwise healthy and since that point
forward, it's really been the calculation of choice for estimating renal
function in adult patients for the purpose of drug dosing. There are a few
others – the Jelliffe method name 1 that are some times used in certain subsets
of population, but generally speaking pharmacists and other healthcare
professional and even pharmaceutical manufacturers have used the
Cockcroft-Gault equation for nearly the past 30 years for this purpose of
estimating renal function in a person that accounts for not only their serum
creatinine as a marker of renal function, but also their specific body habitus
as it refers to height and weight normalization. More recently, the MDRD
equation was published first in 1999 as somewhat of an offshoot of a previous
study investigating the effect of diet on renal disease and from a subset of
this very large study, approximately 2000 patients, I believe it was 1700
patients, were sub-analyzed and the operation tended to identify a more
reliable method of estimating renal function, particularly in this case
glomerular filtration rate as compared to the goal standard iothalamate
analysis, which is very precise, but certainly cumbersome and precludes common
use. These authors came up with a fixed variable equation that they found to
be about 91% sensitive or 91% correlated with the iothalamate-derived GFR value
for most of their patient in this study. From that point forward, the MDRD
equation became useful in estimating GFR for the patient. However, it really
has not been applied to drug dosing and there are a few limitations to using
this equation. Even though it is more sensitive predictor of renal function,
it's not an automatic substitute for the Cockcroft-Gault when talking about
drug dosing.
DR. CHARLES TURCK:
You had mentioned a little bit before about how the MDRD
equation hasn’t necessarily been studied for the modification of drug dosages,
at least not in the published literature. It hasn't been used in practice to
modify drug doses.
DR. LUKE PROBST:
Well, I think it has by a number of clinicians who are now
in the past year and a half or so seeing the reporting of estimated GFR using
the MDRD equation automatically reported a long list of serum creatinine assay
that may be drawn through the clinical laboratory system where the patient has
the labs performed, our institution similar to many others that have accepted
the recommendation of the National Kidney Disease education program to report
GFR derived from MDRD with every serum creatinine value so that clinicians can
better stage their patient as a characterization of their renal disease, but a
lot of people have taken that as a reliable indicator of renal function from
the standpoint of drug dosing as well and we pretty much discussed that aspect
of it not completely validated use in the article that we published.
DR. CHARLES TURCK:
And would you tell us a little bit about what you found in
the article that you published?
DR. LUKE PROBST:
This goes back to early 2007. At about the time that our
clinical laboratory system accepted the recommendations as the NKDEP (National
Kidney Disease Education Program) and pretty much on an arbitrary, they started
reporting a GFR value immediately next to the serum creatinine value for any of
our inpatients, and we started identifying situations in which the pharmacist
in our institution were having dialogue with prescribers about renal dosing
adjustments of medication and the prescribers were reporting back to us that
you know by their information, this patient actually has good renal function
and they disagreed with our recommendations for dosing adjustments in patients
such as the elderly or patients with elevated serum creatinine because of the
dichotomy of the derived renal function values from the 2 equations. So, we
sought to clarify that on an evident-based level and ultimately brought this
through to multidisciplinary group of nephrologist and Infectious Disease
specialist and it ultimately went through our Pharmacy And Therapeutics
Committee where we clearly showed situations in which the misapplication of the
MDRD was putting patients at risk for possibly higher than necessary doses,
which could certainly increase the risk of medication errors and toxicity.
DR. CHARLES TURCK:
So, you found that in some cases there was in fact a
dichotomy between values from the 2 different equations.
DR. LUKE PROBST:
Yes and actually to ease that out a little bit more, we
sampled after we recognized a few key cases and realized that there was some
query that was going to be needed regarding this MDRD data piece. We analyzed
30 of our adult inpatients, who were not in the ICU, who didn’t have acute
renal failure, so relatively clean subset of patients and we actually applied
the Cockcroft-Gault creatinine clearance dosing rule that we use on a daily
basis and compared that to what was reported in our lab system corresponding to
the same serum creatinine we used for the Cockcroft-Gault equation and we found
a pretty significant number of patients, which the determination of renal
function based on either of those 2 equations was a clinically important
distinction. We have a policy in our institution whereby a pharmacist can
automatically adjust the dose of a renally cleared medication based on the published
information and based on that pharmacist's determination of patient's renal
function by the Cockcroft-Gault equation and we found again that a number of
patients crossed the threshold between acceptable renal function and renal
dysfunction that would warrant dosing adjustment and clearly the differences
became what we felt to be clinically important. There were a few cases of
patients who were receiving aminoglycoside in whom the empiric dose would have
been much higher in a patient whose renal function was assessed by the MDRD
compared to the Cockcroft-Gault in a number of other patients with different
dosing regimen who would have had their therapy changed and who actually did
have their therapy changed based on the Cockcroft-Gault, but in whom if you
relied on the MDRD equation, the therapy would not have been adjusted downward
again which most people believe could predispose patient to some of the
unwanted adverse effects or toxicities of the drug.
DR. CHARLES TURCK:
I am your host, Dr. Charles Turck and our guest is Dr.
Luke Probst, PharmD, pediatric pharmacy specialist and a clinical assistant
professor in the Department of Pediatrics and Medicine at the SUNY Upstate
Medical University.
Dr. Probst, you had been talking about areas where there has
been a dichotomy between estimations of glomerular filtration rate in between
the same patient wherein a lot of the same values are used to get the 2
entirely different estimations of renal clearance depending on which equation
is used. Are there always differences for the same patient?
DR. LUKE PROBST:
There are not always differences for the same patient. Most
of the differences do occur at the extremes of either age or renal function and
it's important for clinicians to remember that the MDRD equation that was
derived was actually derived in relatively healthy adults between the ages of
18 and 65, who did not have renal dysfunction of an appreciable extent at the
time that they were evaluated. It was only studied in Caucasians and
African-Americans and there were very few diabetic patients in the study group
for which the MDRD equation was derived. So, as always, there is element of
caution that people have to remember that the application of the MDRD equation
though has not been studied in a number of patient groups, especially in the
hospital settings, but even in the ambulatory care setting, any person over the
age of 70, this formula really has not been validated and we found a
significant number of patient with probably the most drastic difference in
estimates of renal function between their Cockcroft-Gault and the MDRD in the
older population. For example, we had a 92-year-old lady with a serum
creatinine of 0.5 who according to the Cockcroft-Gault equation that we used
had an estimated creatinine clearance of 20 mL per minute. In that same
92-year-old lady, the MDRD equation reported that her creatinine clearance was
greater than 90 mL per minute. That was the high end of measurability that
they used, so one doesn’t know exactly what that calculated value was, but
clearly very few 92-year-old ladies have renal functions with GFRs or
creatinine clearances approaching the 100 mL per minute and so we did find a
significant number of patients that we were reviewing especially with advanced
age having these over-estimations of renal function with the MDRD equation.
Similarly, in those patients, who had elevated serum creatinine values, who had
significant renal disease, there was still some difference in the compared values
of MDRD and Cockcroft-Gault derived renal function and actually in a few cases,
the MDRD started to underestimate renal function compared to the
Cockcroft-Gault, so there was a little inversion of the estimations there, but
certainly those were at the extremes. Again, advancing age and the extremes of
serum creatinine did tend to provide some inconsistency with what one would
expect as an estimate of renal function before applying those to calculation.
DR. CHARLES TURCK:
You had mentioned a little bit earlier that the MDRD
equation had only been derived fairly recently within the last decade. I was
wondering if you could speak for a moment about the role that the
Cockcroft-Gault equation has played historically in determining drug dosage
adjustment.
DR. LUKE PROBST:
Sure, as I had said previously, the Cockcroft-Gault equation
was derived in 1976 and has since been used for drug dosing purposes by
clinicians and as well as most pharmaceutical manufacturers who are required to
evaluate their pharmaceuticals for the existence of renal elimination and if
there is renal elimination present for that drug therapy, then they need to
characterize the impact of renal function or dysfunction on drug dosing and
make recommendations. Most package inserts that are provided by pharmaceutical
manufacturers suggest or recommend the use of the Cockcroft-Gault equation for
the purpose of assessing drug-dosing adjustments in patients with renal
dysfunction.
DR. CHARLES TURCK:
We had been speaking with Dr. Luke Probst about strategies
for drug dosing in patients with renal insufficiency. Thank you so much, Dr.
Probst for joining us.
DR. LUKE PROBST:
Thank you Dr. Turck, it's been a pleasure.
I am Dr. Charles Turck, you have been listening to Focus
on Pharmacy on ReachMD, The Channel for Medical Professionals. Be sure to
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